What long-term changes will be needed to ensure that downtown businesses can thrive in the long term, in a post-COVID-19 environment? We found that the long-term impacts of COVID-19 on downtowns include a decreased daytime population, a recognition of the need for more outdoor space, and small business closures. COVID-19 exacerbated existing issues including the racial wealth gap, homelessness, and downtown vacancy rates. Despite these challenges, small businesses are resilient and adaptable. T