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01. Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa)

Yes

Leaflets shorter and almost stout when compared with Blue Elderberry; Leaflets can be fuzzy on the underside, pith is tan to brown (in second year stems), leaf buds are rounded; Smallest leaf size

first to flower in the growing season compared to other elder species

flower buds, when closed, are pink

clusters are more spike shaped

5-7 leaflets

often fuzzy on underside

newer stems can have some red streaking on them

pith is tan?

6-20 ft tall

West of the Cascades; usually in shaded areas of woodlands

https://www.portlandnursery.com/natives/sambucus

https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/sambucus-nigra-subsp-cerulea

https://strictlymedicinalseeds.com/product/elderberry-red-sambucus-racemosa-packet-of-50-seeds/

https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-shrubs-red-elderberry-sambucus-racemosa-l-var-racemosa.html

https://www.threeriversparks.org/blog/species-spotlight-elderberries#:~:text=If%20you%20really%20want%20to,tan%20to%20brown%20in%20color.

https://crowspath.org/elderberries/

02. Blue Elderbery (Sambucus nigra subsp. caerulea)

Yes

British Columbia

Washington

Oregon

Montana

Idaho

Utah

New Mexico

Leaflets longer than Red Elderberry, smooth (not fuzzy), Leaf size noticeably larger than red species.

clusters are more flat

almost evergreen if winters are mild

5-7, sometimes 9 leaflets

leaves are not usually fuzzy

can have a white bloom over the blue fruit

Green and also Black when unripe

pith is white

15-30 ft tall

Forest edges

https://www.portlandnursery.com/natives/sambucus

https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/sambucus-nigra-subsp-cerulea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus_cerulea

03. American Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra ssp. Canadensis)

Native in states east of Utah

More shrub-like compared to European Black Elderberry, pith is white, leaf buds come to a point, can have 11 or more leaflets within a single leaf; leaf size significantly larger than Blue Elderberry

clusters are more flat

9 or more leaflets, sometimes 7, sometimes more than 11

pith is white

new-ish stems can have some ridges on them

6-13 ft tall

Edges or sunnier

https://www.reddit.com/r/foraging/comments/18rezhn/examples_of_the_differences_between_american_and/

https://extension.wvu.edu/agriculture/horticulture/elderberry

https://www.threeriversparks.org/blog/species-spotlight-elderberries

https://crowspath.org/elderberries/

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS1390

Black Elderberry aka European Black (Sambucus nigra)

Europe

Africa

More tree-like

clusters are more flat

3-7 leaflets, usually 5

can be fuzzy on veins underneath

up to 30 ft tall

https://www.reddit.com/r/foraging/comments/18rezhn/examples_of_the_differences_between_american_and/

https://extension.wvu.edu/agriculture/horticulture/elderberry

Rocky Mountain Elderberry (Sambucus racemos subsp. )

Yes

East of the Cascades

Sambucus

"Shrubs in the genus Sambucus are the only ones found in the Pacific Northwest forests that have both opposite and pinnately compound leaves."

https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/sambucus-nigra-subsp-cerulea

Sambucus nigra subspp. canadensis

Native on US and Canada East Coast

Flowers in July

https://www.threeriversparks.org/blog/species-spotlight-elderberries

7 records

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