Indole-3-carbinol Research
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Title
1
Long-term responses of women to indole-3-carbinol or a high fiber diet
2
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of diindolylmethane for breast cancer biomarker modulation in patients taking tamoxifen
3
Placebo-Controlled Trial of Indole-3-Carbinol in the Treatment of CIN
4
Brassica vegetable consumption reduces urinary F2-isoprostane levels independent of micronutrient intake
5
A randomized phase II trial of indole-3-carbinol in the treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
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PMID
Cancer Type
General Effect
Study Design
Population Demographic
Treatment Dose
Treatment Duration
Outcomes Measured
Results
Conclusions and Effects
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7827590/
Breast
Potentially beneficial
Randomized clinical trial
n = 60 women at high risk for breast cancer
400mg/day indole-3-carbinol, 20g/day α-cellulose fiber, or placebo
3 months
• Urinary estrogen metabolite ratio
Indole-3-carbinol increased 2-OH-estrone:estriol ratio. Fiber had no effect.
Indole-3-carbinol can alter estrogen metabolism by increasing 2-hydroxylation of oestrogens, and maintain increased 2-OH-estrone:estriol ratio over 3 months. Thus, indole-3-carbinol may reduce breast cancer risk.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36201753/
Breast
Not significant
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
n = 130 women taking tamoxifen after breast cancer diagnosis
150mg DIM (from BioResponse-DIM) twice daily or placebo
12 months
• Urinary estrogen metabolites • Serum hormones • Breast density • Tamoxifen metabolites
DIM increased 2/16α-OHE1 ratio and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). DIM lowered tamoxifen metabolites. No effect on serum estrogens or breast density.
DIM increased favorable estrogen metabolism and SHBG in patients taking tamoxifen but lowered active tamoxifen metabolites, which may attenuate tamoxifen efficacy.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10926790/
Cervical
Potentially beneficial
Randomized, placebo-controlled trial
n = 27 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
200mg/day or 400mg/day oral indole-3-carbinol or placebo
12 weeks
• Regression of CIN lesion • Urinary estrogen metabolite ratio
50% and 44% of I3C groups had complete regression of CIN compared to 0% for placebo. I3C increased estrogen metabolite ratio.
I3C resulted in the regression of CIN lesions compared to placebo. I3C also favorably alters estrogen metabolism. Overall, I3C demonstrated therapeutic efficacy for treatment of cervical precancerous lesions.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16704986/
Not specified
Potentially beneficial
Randomized crossover trial
n = 20 healthy adults
218g/day brassica vegetables vs micronutrient and fiber supplements
4 weeks each intervention
• Urinary F2-isoprostane levels (biomarker of oxidative stress)
Brassica vegetables lowered F2-isoprostane levels by 22%. Micronutrient supplements had no effect.
Brassica vegetable consumption reduces oxidative stress independent of their micronutrient content, and this may reduce cancer risk.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16681761/
Vulvar
Well-tolerated
Not significant
Randomized phase II trial
n = 12 women with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
200mg/day or 400mg/day oral indole-3-carbinol
6 months
• Symptoms • Lesion appearance • Urinary estrogen metabolite ratio
I3C improved symptoms and lesion appearance but not VIN grade on biopsy. I3C increased estrogen metabolite ratio.
I3C showed preliminary efficacy for symptom relief in vulvar precancerous lesions but there was no change in histology. Further studies are warranted.
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